The Difference in Methods Used by the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans in the New World

The Catholic and Protestant places of worship put forth numerous attempts so as to spread their convictions in the New World and to change over the Native Americans. The best were the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Difference in Methods Used by the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans in the New World explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Spanish changed over a large number of Indians in South and Central America: Mexico, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, while the French settled in New France that included present day Canadian and US region: Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Main, New York, Louisiana and Illinois. Generally, the two requests had a similar strict interests; anyway the techniques utilized by them were extraordinary. The Franciscans changed over a bigger number of individuals than Jesuits because of the utilization of their techniques for mass impulse wi th the assistance of intensity and weapons. After Columbus disclosure, Queen Isabella and Pope Alexander VI asserted the significance of changing over the Native Americans to Christianity. Franciscans showed up to the New Spain in 1524 and got the achievement, spreading their religion. Notwithstanding, in spite of the fact that they changed over a huge number of individuals, notice that the confidence of the number of inhabitants in New World was powerless and, additionally, they made another religion consolidating the neighborhood convictions with components of Christianity (Hannon, 2010). Endorsed by Queen and Pope, the Spanish Franciscans utilized every single imaginable technique, including the utilization of intensity, weapons, and executions. As indicated by the article Native American Voices, in Mexico, the Central and South America, the Spanish Franciscans utilized Native Americans as a free work material (â€Å"Native American Voices†). Clearly, such estimates prompt ed the dread and accommodation of Indians. The French Jesuits, known as the Soldiers of Christ, showed up to the New World one century after Spanish, in 1625. They utilized strategies for influence and exchange rather than power. Along these lines, albeit various changed over by Jesuits Indians was not enormous, yet their confidence was genuine and profound. Indians were shocked by the capacity of the French to peruse and compose and bit by bit received the new culture. Simultaneously, the Spanish tormented Indians and decimated their social items, abusing those individuals who would not like to receive the new conventions. The French attempted to discover the likenesses between the Christian and Indian conventions, for example, the wear of dark robes during the ceremony.Advertising Looking for exposition on religion philosophy? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For the two requests, instruction of the Native Americans was a sig nificant issue that could help spreading Christianity. Jesuits and Franciscans showed Indians sciences, culture and ethic. Be that as it may, the Native Americans, and particularly the number of inhabitants in the Central and South America, had a long history and unique and remarkable culture and conventions. Consequently, the method of mix of the European and Indian conventions picked by the French Jesuits was significantly more fitting and satisfactory. The result of crafted by French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans was extraordinary. The Spanish needed to change over as additional as potential Indians regardless of the genuine nature of their confidence. For the Native Americans, Christianity had not been seen as an intriguing religion because of the power and torments. The French evangelists didn't utilize force and weapons, attempting to persuade Indians. For Jesuits, the fundamental thought of Christianity as the quiet religion was significant force and contention into the way toward changing over. Jesuits utilized every conceivable strategy so as to coordinate Christianity, not to isolate it and supplant the conventional convictions. Consequently, their work was progressively viable. Works Cited Hannon, Sharon M. â€Å"Birth of a New World Religion.† When Words Collide: The Untold Story of the Americas after Columbus. 2010. Web. http://www.pbs.org/program/when-universes impact/Native American Voices n.d. Web. This paper on The Difference in Methods Used by the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans in the New World was composed and put together by client Rylie Barlow to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

The play An Inspector Calls Essay Example

The play An Inspector Calls Essay The play An Inspector Calls was written during the 1940s by J. B Priestley and happens inside one single room. This makes a strained and encased climate for the peruser. An irregular factor of the play is that it is set previously, in 1912 which enables the author to make the characters look savvy or absurd. It gives J. B Priestley the chance to play God with the characters and in doing so adds silliness to the play. The conspicuous instances of this are appeared through the characters, Arthur Birling and the Inspector. The Germans dont need war. No one needs war, aside from some half-cultivated people in the Balkans. Also, The Titanic-she cruises one week from now forty 6,000 800 tons-New York in five days-and each extravagance and resilient. The play is absolutely not customary. It conveys a message and is expected to say something of a common sort. It is a shrouded message depicted through the characters lives revealed by one individual character. The play wasnt simply proposed to engage individuals, yet sixty years on it does. It features themes which are applicable to today. All through the play the play there is a solid awareness of other's expectations that many individuals need the world. We will compose a custom paper test on The play An Inspector Calls explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The play An Inspector Calls explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The play An Inspector Calls explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The play depends on each keeps an eye on deficiencies the seven savage sins. It shows the peruser how the littlest of activities can prompt unbelievable results. Priestleys composing was impacted by his past encounters. He battled in World War 1 and endure. He accepted that individuals should pay special mind to one another and help in any case conceivable. He was one of the individuals who Mr Birling portrayed. Wrenches who feel that everybody needs to care for every other person. J. B Priestley makes characters that he didnt like and turns the peruser against them by concentrating on their negative perspectives to life. He makes a family that is satisfied with itself and states this is in the stage bearings consequently it is evident from the beginning that he would rebuff them by one way or another. The characters are to a greater extent a comfort family. They act close and adoring when it suits them the most. Right now they have all had a decent supper, are commending an exceptional event, and are satisfied with themselves. The family have a house, not a home. They havent made it themselves; they have no cozy relationship and are removed from one another. The general impact is considerable and intensely agreeable, yet not comfortable and homelike. The play starts with a family festivity, Mr Birlings little girl commitment to Gerald Croft whose guardians possessed a business that was rivaling Birlings. Birling considered this to be a chance to unite the two organizations and enjoy more cash. Your dad and I have been inviting adversaries in business for quite a while however Crofts Limited are both more established and greater than Birling and Company and now youve united us, and maybe we may anticipate when Crofts and Birlings are done contending yet cooperating for lower costs and more significant expenses. The play is based around one young lady, with an assortment of names. The entirety of the characters identify with her somehow or another or structure and are completely connected with her self destruction. They are overwhelmed by the seven fatal sins and with them obliteration before long follows giving us what can occur in the event that you overlook Eva Smith. The most significant character in the play is the Inspector, he is the impetus that blends the characters and controls the entire result of the play. His motivation is to change the Birlings point of view and perspectives on life and to show them a thing or two that we as a whole need to learn. He goes into the Birling house at a most fascinating time with regards to the play, exactly when Arthur Birling is giving a discourse on how individuals should pay special mind to themselves and no one else. That a man needs to stay out of other people's affairs and care for himself and his own and. Similarly as Arthur Birling has remarked on his own ideal family and world, the Inspector comes in to dismantle it. It was as though the Inspector comprehended what would have been said and had arranged this specific planning. Arthur Birling didn't need an open embarrassment and the crowd could detect that something would occur when he kidded about it. I accumulate theres a decent possibility of a knighthood insofar as we observe the rules, dont get into the police court or start an outrage eh? The Inspector drags out the strain in the play by experiencing each character thus, gradually disentangling the secret of Eva Smith. This gives diversion to the crowd and keeps them in tension. He appears to know a lot about the family and enters the play as an Inspector however from that point on starts to act abnormally. He offers expressions and decisions that an Inspector wouldnt. Sheila Birling is the main character to see this. With his obscure information, the Inspector sorts the entire happen by separating each character thus by their cooperations with Eva Smith/Daisy Renton. The principal individual to meet and affect Eva Smith is Arthur Birling, the leader of the Birling family unit. This character we develop to loathe. He cherishes the sound of his own voice and appreciates delivering long talks of how high in the public eye he accepts he is. He is devoured by his own wonder and in his egotism starts the injury of Eva Smiths life. They needed the rates raised with the goal that they could average around twenty-five shillings every week. I won't, obviously. also, She had a great deal to state decidedly excessively so she needed to go. This depicts the main fatal sin in the play Greed. Arthur Birling is loaded with it, including his pomposity. Because of his ravenousness, Eva Smith was kept separate from work with no cash for a couple of pounds. The following character to be associated with Eva Smith was Sheila Birling, the girl of Arthur. Toward the start of the play she is youthful and spoilt. She utilizes her riches to impact others and to get her own specific manner. She utilizes this against Eva, and with it being at an entirely powerless time for Eva, it throws a gigantic effect on her life, losing her, her next activity and furthermore guaranteeing her to not having the option to work at different stores. I glanced senseless in the thing. Well this young lady had brought the spruce up from the workroom, and when the associate Miss Francis had gotten some information about it, this young lady, to give us what she implied, had held the take on the appearance of, in the event that she was wearing it. What's more, it simply fit her. This presents the wrongdoing of Jealousy. Sheila was desirous of Eva on the grounds that she was prettier than she was and the dress fit her. The wrongdoing, Vanity is likewise depicted through this character with her fixation of looks. Both of these wrongdoings joined drove her to lose the young lady her activity which aggravated things in any event, for Eva. I went to the administrator at Milwards and I disclosed to him that on the off chance that they didnt dispose of that young lady, Id never go close to that place again and Id convince mother to close our record with them. In spite of how shocking the things Sheila caused for Eva, she is really upset for what she had done and is maybe the main character to have really have taken in something from the occasions in the play. In spite of the fact that she was youthful in the initial scenes, the entire experience had switched her and opened up a whole unique view for her. She is in fact the most full grown one of the family and declines to simply return to how they were previously and attempts to persuade the others to do likewise. The following character to be broken separated by the Inspector is Gerald Croft. He had an enormous commitment to Eva Smiths sad circumstance toward the end, because of his issue and surrendering of her when he loved it the most. Gerald was the most significant thing in Evas life and regardless of his misinformed goals; he really accomplished something positive for Eva and gave her some place to live. She became Geralds paramour and in this Gerald shows the transgression Lust. Gerald didnt feel a similar route as Eva felt about him. On the off chance that she could possibly do discover that Gerald didnt love her, her heart would be broken once more! Truly. I guess it was unavoidable. She was youthful and beautiful and cordial and strongly appreciative. I turned into the most notable individual in her life-you get it? It is clear from this that Gerald is genuinely arrogant and has faith to his greatest advantage. In spite of this, I dont believe that Gerald had an incredible part in Eva ending it all, as she had definitely knew toward the start of their relationship that it wouldnt last, and couldnt be! So it wasnt a very remarkable stun to her. The main awful thing that Gerald has done was being unfaithful to Sheila Birling. This leads onto Sybil Birling, the spouse of Arthur. She is grandiose and doesnt care about any other person separated from herself. She trusts herself as magnanimous, yet when Eva goes to her for help, she dismisses her. Sybil is an individual from the Brumley Womens Charity Organization and when she requests Evas name, Eva answers with Mrs. Birling. This drives Sybil mad and utilizes her capacity to excuse Evas supplication for help. This makes a considerably more concerning issue for Eva, she has no cash, no home and the individuals whose activity it is to assist her with dismissing her. Due to Sybil Birlings pride of her own name, she had an enormous effect on Evas future and the result of the play. Truly, I think it was essentially a bit of gross insolence very intentional and normally that was something that biased me against her case. Despite the fact that Sybil hugy affected the little youngster, she despite everything wont assume any liability of the young ladies passing. She positively hadnt took in anything from the Inspector and is constrained by the savage sin Pride. Im sorry she ought to have arrived at such a frightful end. In any case, I air conditioning

The Crucible Essays (415 words) - Salem Witch Trials, John Proctor

The Crucible The Crucible Can an individual's assessment equivalent their destiny? In Arthur Miller's The Crucible, John Proctor's substitute a general public where supposition drove destiny made shame towards him and his convictions. First he shrouded his awful sin inside, dreading the outcomes. At the point when he at last did, he was set in a tangled maze of sentiments with respect to what his next activity ought to have been. In conclusion, it was Proctor's disobedience and honesty in his own self that demonstrated him more grounded than the whole network of Salem. Delegate's tremulous emotions and general disquiet of the circumstance developed to his characterizing purpose of admission. Church also, government met up to coercingly control Salem and its activities. Delegate saw this and dreaded, for diabolism was a training inconceivable. You should get, sir, an individual is either with this congregation or against it - there be no street between. We live no longer in the dim evening and insidiousness blended itself in with great and overwhelmed the world. Presently by God's effortlessness the acceptable people and abhorrence altogether independent. - Deputy Danforth John considered his activities and came to a persuasive choice towards what his destiny would be - all things considered, he accepted, he could control it. As he expressed rebelliously, I need my life... I will have my life. After John admitted, he accepted he had done Elizabeth also, the kids great, for they were an incredible wellspring. He would be free, acknowledged by Salem still. The ground-breaking impact of his preliminary and difference what's more, its clashing with Salem's lifestyle had just left a quiet however significant imprint on everybody. Realizing that defect hid among the great people, the administration wished to declare to the world who the erring man was. Delegate was conundrum to this - he wished nor thought anything of the sort, as his name was the main thing left of him. The Church and government denied him of everything else that could make him man - his respect, his ethics, his disgrace. Towards the finish of his tribulation, he states: I do think I see some sliver of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a pennant with, however white enough to keep it from such pooches.. show respect presently, show a stony heart and sink them with it! Horrified, he couldn't acknowledge any longer torment to himself. He thought he was free, nothing more to give. However for Proctor, it was excessively. A line must be drawn some place. That line was the acceptable name of Proctor - and much to his dismay, his assessment would drive his destiny out of Salem and into the revulsions of death.

Management at Ace Security and Multiboost Essay - 1

The board at Ace Security and Multiboost - Essay Example This paper outlines that the need is to embrace an administration approach that gives the more noteworthy degree of inspiration and fulfillment to representatives that would at last positively affect their presentation and profitability. For this situation, the organization ought to embrace a way to deal with the executives that targets giving advantages to workers and compensating them for their presentation. These prizes are paid notwithstanding the essential installments got by the representatives The term all out remuneration is utilized to characterize what representatives receive as a byproduct of the work done by them notwithstanding the pay and advantages. This absolute prize framework comprises of four segments that remember an expansion for the compensation or remuneration in real money, advantages, and open doors for learning and improvement alongside professional success and the progression of vocation. On account of Ace Manufacturers, the organization should move its cur rent structure to another framework. The organization is required to change its methodology and objectives of the business, its way of thinking of the board and its human asset procedure to draw in and holding the pool of ability. The organization ought to guarantee workers that their arrangement of remunerations is very much evolved and overseen. This prize bundle would pay and prize representatives based on their presentation. With the assistance of a complete prizes framework the workers are guaranteed that they are esteemed by the organization and thusly, the organization would pick up the upper hand in the market. Along these lines, it is necessitated that individuals are cheerful, acknowledged and perceived in the organization and a productive workplace ought to be given to them. The organization should take the choice of rebuilding the pay needs of representatives and this choice ought to be conveyed to workers in an unmistakable way. On account of Multiboost, there have been issues of progress and the specialization and division of work is inadequate in proficiency that has prompted the lower level of inspiration for representatives. There are additionally the circumstances of contention between the administration and the staff in the organization.

Analyse Pakistan As A Tourist Country Tourism Essays

Investigate Pakistan As A Tourist Country Tourism Essays Investigate Pakistan As A Tourist Country Tourism Essay Investigate Pakistan As A Tourist Country Tourism Essay Pakistan showed up as a cutting edge state on 14 August 1947. There are four states and every one of the four conditions of Pakistan are talented with legacy and human progress one of the ripe and alone totals of olympian and rough mountains, rich Fieldss, comeuppances, streams, lakes, drifts and scenes improved with well disposed and accommodating individuals in this way doing it a heavenly completion for tourers with various gustatory sensations. Pakistan is known to mankind of touristry in view of the cragged pieces of the North, the Hindukush, Karakoram and the Great Himalaya who structure the densest convergence of high extremums known to mankind. Kalam ( Swat vale ) in Pakistan is known as the Switzerland of Asia. The Hunza and Chitral vales in Pakistan were the spot to a little pre-Islamic animist Kalasha people group who guarantee drop starting from the earliest stage of Alexander the Great ( Mapsofworld.com ) . The verifiable and archeological destinations of Ghandhara and I ndus Valley civilisations, Mohenjo-Daro, Taxila and the Mughal Empire are the delineations of most established civilisations in Pakistan. This multicultural nature of the state other than adds to the touristry business in the way that it offers grouped conventions, imposts and celebrations for the tourers to investigate and lounge. Issue proclamation: Orchestrating to the above section, Pakistan is by all accounts an ideal topographic point for tourers to be visited yet at the same time the tourer s coming to is reducing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours on the off chance that we mull over the mature ages from 1995 rock dirt 2008. Purposes and Aims: The reason for my theory is to occur out the positive and negative components which are affecting the Pakistan touristry industry furthermore the reason for tourers compounding proportion. Discover the capacity of the specialists towards the advancement of this industry and propose a few plans that can better this segment what's more recognize the hid power of touristry industry. Another rationale behind this exploration is to break down and look at the financial outcome of touristry in footings of cash and occupation coevals in our state when contrasted with the adjoining states. Research Questions: The exploration requests are: What are the variables affecting touristry industry in Pakistan? What amount of intensity Pakistan has in touristry industry? How touristry industry made gross and occupation for the state? What will be the plans to build up the touristry business in Pakistan? What the specialists should make to build up the touristry business in Pakistan? Writing reappraisal and hypothetical foundation: In this section, I will talk a portion of the accessible writing and contrast it and my exploration work giving a more extensive picture of the alone idea of the work and its viable utility. Writing reappraisal: Kakar et Al. 2007, in their exploration proposal gave a connection among touristry and work in Pakistan. The goal of this exploration was to discover the pace of work produced in various businesss from the touristry area. The investigation was done by close to home visit to the inns, eating houses, keepsake stores, trip specialists, auto employ houses, circuit administrators and air hose workplaces. They planned a survey for this goal. The investigation was confined as in it was done in simply two metropoliss of Pakistan for example Smack and Abbottabad and also it was done in lodgings and eating houses. No exertion was made to locate the whole effect of touristry on various work segments like cabs, ushers, beguilement, travel agencies and so forth besides the measurable informations gave on the figure of inns, figure of beds and the figure of individuals utilized is constrained as in there is no legitimate data about the time/date/year in which the data was recorded. Baloch ( 2007 ) in his examination of pull offing touristry in Pakistan exchanges with the issue of naming the reason for crawling nature of Pakistan s touristry developing and recommend approaches to build up this industry through normal, authentic and social assets. The examination was conveyed in Chitral valley simply. The methodological investigation utilized was entering the places of tourers, local people, hotelkeepers and informations total from Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation ( PTDC ) and Ministry of Tourism. The examination is limited as in the weakening status of this industry is clarified simply for 2006 and there is no legitimate factual informations accommodated Chitral vale. The data was gathered from the concerned areas and there is no legitimate discoveries gotten from the tourers and hotelkeepers. Albeit a portion of the surveies found and examined above are identified with the touristry business in Pakistan however there is scarcely any exploration that centers mostly around positive and negative elements set uping Pakistan touristry industry on an entire and contrast this industry with its nearby states. I ll focus on factors set uping touristry, its effect on work and the gross earned for the entire state. The exploration will incorporate measurable informations for last 14 mature ages which will help with looking at the open introduction of this area with different states other than. Hypothetical Background: There are numerous positive and negative variables which are affecting Pakistan touristry industry. These are as per the following: Positive variables: The tourers ordinarily travel to see diverse topographic focuses and things other like clime, nature, civic establishments, individuals, imposts, humanistic controls, culinary expressions, semantic interchanges, alone celebrations, old authentic buildings and destinations and so forth the ground why Pakistan has an incredible intensity in touristry industry is that it gangs each individual thing that could run into the interest of visitants. Following are the kinds of touristry in Pakistan: Diaspora Tourism: Blending to Clarke ( 2003 ) the term Diaspora alludes to a person who is from one state yet starts from another and relates to the condition of starting. The term Diaspora can be drawn nearer from two distinctive waies, as a typological device and as a cultural status. At the point when the term is utilized typologically it alludes to a gathering of individuals who have moved starting with one topographic point then onto the next who despite everything relate to their country. The mother country is just an analogy, it might non even exist yet it despite everything conveys importance for the individual. Clarke ( 2003 ) contends that Diaspora is individuals who have moved for any of five distinct grounds ; casualty, work, exchange, majestic and progress. These grounds are in some way constrained upon the individual, which is the cardinal idea behind this sort of assault to the Diasporas marvels. For outline, the British who moved automatically to the various settlements were magnificen t Diasporas. The typological assault to the Diasporas issue is that it ignores the distinctions inside the various gatherings. So it is progressively precise to portray Diaspora as a status. The status of being from one topographic point yet of another and place with opinions towards a homeland ( Clarke, 2003 ) Blending to Ali Eteraz ( 2008 ) , in excess of 7 million Pakistani individuals are populating outside from Pakistan. Pakistan has a major figure of Pakistani Diaspora which can loan a positive capacity in the monetary arrangement of Pakistan. Aside from Diaspora, sing companions and family touristry is other than extremely of import. A large number of these Pakistani Diasporas have companions and family units populating in Pakistan, and they keep on observing these companions and families playing increasingly positive capacity in the improvement of Pakistani touristry. Residential Tourism: Orchestrating to Richter ( 1989 ) , numerous conditions of the universe accept residential touristry as a hapless cousin and did nt pay a lot of joining in yet fitting to Boniface and Cooper local touristry make up 80 % of the universe touristry stream. In Pakistan, there are numerous advantageous topographic focuses which non only pull in worldwide tourers however next to local tourers. Legacy Tourism: Pakistan is a spot to the most emotional old metropoliss of the universe including the Indus and Gandhara civilisation. Taxila, Moenjodaro and Harrppa, exhibition halls, Mughal legacy and the silk way, Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort ( UNIC, 2011 ) . Lahore Fort K Ali Figure 2: Lahore Fort ( Source: hypertext move convention:/www.gardenvisit.com/garden/lahore_fort ) Strict/Spiritual or Pilgrimage Tourism: Pakistan is other than celebrated for its places of worship and sanctuaries. Every twelvemonth non just Muslims from various states come to see the heavenly hallowed places however next to the Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhist visit Pakistan for explorers venture ( UNIC, 2011 ) . hypertext move convention:/4.bp.blogspot.com/_vuyNCoZLd4w/Sr9cYGLGnzI/AAAAAAAAAtc/3ZQU4lOhpp8/s400/hallowed place abdullah-shah-ghazi.jpg Figure 3: Shrines of Pakistan ( Source: hypertext move convention:/pak-istan.blogspot.com/2009/09/hallowed places of-pakistan.html ) Social Tourism: Other than archeological locales and design gourmet expert doeuvres of Mughal sovereigns and British precursors, Pakistani culinary workmanship and celebrations are one more fascinating bit of rich Pakistani human progress. The supplement roads in Pakistan are going a significant start of alluring power for tourers as they can loll the nearby Pakistani supplement each piece great as the brilliant boulevards and individuals shopping in the lanes at a similar clasp. Praised supplement lanes in Pakistan are Food Street Gawalmandi and Anarkali in Lahore, Melody and pale blue nation Food Street in Islamabad, Burns Road in Karachi, and Ghantar Ghar in Peshawar. Celebrations will in general flexibly celebration, euphoria, mental and physical refreshment to non only nearby peopl

The Definition of Authoritarian Parenting

The Definition of Authoritarian Parenting Theories Developmental Psychology Print 8 Characteristics of Authoritarian Parenting The effects of authoritarian parenting on children By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 02, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 05, 2019 Verywell / Hugo Lin More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Authoritarian parenting is a parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness. Parents with an authoritarian style have very high expectations of their children, yet provide very little in the way of feedback and nurturance. Mistakes tend to be punished harshly. When feedback does occur, it is often negative. Yelling and corporal punishment are also commonly seen in the authoritarian style. Brief History During the 1960s, developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind described three different types of  parenting styles  based on her research with preschool-age children. One of the main parenting styles identified by Baumrind is known as the authoritarian parenting style.?? Authoritarian parents have high expectations of their children and have very strict rules that they expect to be followed unconditionally. According to Baumrind, these parents are obedience and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation.?? People with this parenting style often utilize punishment rather than discipline but are not willing or able to explain the reasoning behind their rules. Characteristics of Authoritarian Parents Baumrind believed that one of the major roles that parents play in a childs life is to socialize them to the values and expectations of their culture. How parents accomplish this, however, can vary dramatically based upon the amount of control they attempt to exert over their children. The authoritarian approach represents the most controlling style. Rather than valuing self-control and teaching children to manage their own behaviors, the authoritarian parent is focused on adherence to authority. Instead of rewarding positive behaviors, the authoritarian parent only provides feedback in the form of punishments for misbehavior.?? These are eight of the most  common characteristics of authoritarian parenting: Authoritarian parents tend to be very demanding, but not responsive. They have lots of rules and may even micromanage almost every aspect of their childrens lives and behaviors. Such rules apply to almost every aspect of life, from how kids are expected to behave in the home to how they should act in public. Additionally, they also have many unwritten rules that kids are expected to followâ€"even though these children receive little to no explicit instruction about these rules. Instead, children are simply expected to know that these rules exist.They dont express much warmth or nurturing.  Parents with this style often seem cold, aloof, and harsh. These parents are more likely to be nagging or yelling at their children rather than offering encouragement and praise. They value discipline over fun and tend to expect that children should simply be seen and not heard.Authoritarian parents utilize punishments with little or no explanation.  Parents with this style usually have no problem resorting to corporal punishment, which often involves spanking. Rather than relying on positive reinforcement, they react swiftly and harshly when the rules are broken.They dont give children choices or options.  Authoritarian parents set the rules and have a my way or the highway approach to discipline. There is little room for negotiation and they rarely allow their children to make their own choices.They have little to no patience for misbehavior.  Authoritarian parents expect their children to simply know better than to engage in undesirable behaviors. They lack the patience for explaining why their children should avoid certain behaviors and waste little energy talking about feelings.Authoritarian parents dont trust their children to make good choices.  While parents with this style have high expectations and strict rules, they also do not give their children much freedom to demonstrate that they can display good behavior and make good choices. Rather than letting their kids m ake decisions on their own and face the natural consequences for those choices, authoritarian parents hover over their kids in order to ensure that they dont make mistakes.They are not willing to negotiate.  Authoritarian parents dont believe in gray areas. Situations are viewed as black and white and there is little to no room for compromise. Kids dont get a say or a vote when it comes to setting rules or making decisions.They may shame their children to force them to behave. Authoritarian parents can be highly critical and may even use shame as a tactic to force children into following the rules. Why do you always do that?, How many times do I have to tell you the same thing?, and Why cant you do anything right? are just a few of the phrases that these parents might use on a regular basis. Rather than looking for ways to build their childrens self-esteem, these parents often believe that shaming their children will motivate them to do better. Effects Parenting styles  have been associated with a variety of child outcomes including social skills and academic performance. The children of authoritarian parents tend to exhibit these effects: They associate obedience and success with loveSome children display more aggressive behavior outside the homeSome children may act fearful or overly shy around othersChildren often have lower self-esteemChildren have difficulty in social situations due to a lack of social competenceThey tend to conform easily, yet may also suffer from depression and anxietyThey may struggle with self-control because they are rarely able to make choices and experience natural consequences Because authoritarian parents expect absolute obedience, children raised in such settings are typically very good at following rules. However, they may lack self-discipline. Unlike children raised by  authoritative parents, children raised by authoritarian parents are not encouraged to explore and act independently, so they never really learn how to set their own limits and personal standards. This can ultimately lead to problems when the parental or authority figure is not around to monitor behavior. While developmental experts agree that rules and boundaries are important for children to have, most believe that authoritarian parenting is too punitive and lacks the warmth, unconditional love,  and nurturance that children need. A Word From Verywell The authoritarian style is characterized by lots of rules but little parental responsiveness. While an authoritarian approach might be effective in certain situations that require strict adherence to the rules, it can have negative consequences when overused as an approach to parenting. If you notice that your own parenting style  tends to be more authoritarian, consider looking for ways that you can begin incorporating a more authoritative style into your daily interactions with your children.

Teaching and community hospitals - 1100 Words

Compare and contrast between teaching and community hospitals (Essay Sample) Content: (Compare and contrast between teaching and community hospitals)NameInstitution of Affiliation(Date due)IntroductionActually, a teaching hospital is a medical institution which offers a critical medical training for physicians. Normally, they serve as the heart of graduate medical education. These teaching hospitals deliver higher level of health care to their patients. For example, based on American teaching hospitals, better and quality services have been delivered to patients responsibly and effectively. Equally, teaching hospitals prepare medical graduates for practice in a series of accredited programs such as general survey, internal medicine, anesthesiology among others. An example is Barnabas health care system which is a major teaching affiliate of the UMDNJ-New Jersey medical school, New York.While a community hospital is a local hospital which provides a range of health services and resources. Actually, it is small in size but to some point others may offer in-patient services. Further, it is easily accessible to the general public and offers specific or general medical care which is normally cost effective and short term. It ensures a vivid focus on preventing any sort of illness by treating it out. In fact, most of these hospitals are set up simple backgrounds in order to reach all especially the low and middle class persons.SimilaritiesAuthentically, these two types of hospitals share a great deal of similarities based on their functionality, workforce deployment practices, organizational culture and work design. For instance, organizational factors effectively contribute to nursing and potentially patient outcomes. Equally, the skills employed in handling and giving healthcare services are the same whether in a medical school or a community hospital (2003).For example, in case of an operation or surgery, the skills and facilities employed by medical students are the same used in community hospitals. Further, the medical policies go verning the schools are the same all over the community hospitals especially in terms of working conditions and environment at large (Primrose, 1998). The aspect of professionalism to be enhanced and championed applies to all regardless of whether one is in a medical school or a community hospital.However, there are some important differences between community and teaching hospitals reflected on the above factors of consideration. For example, a given number of nurses from sixteen medical and surgical units in randomly selected acute care medical hospitals revealed a clear cut between the teaching and community hospitals. Nurses working in teaching came out with lower levels of responsibility tension and yet their perceptions on nursing unit leadership, quality care, quality of work, working environment and job satisfaction were higher.Teaching hospitalsGenerally, teaching hospitals work and coordinate in larger teams which manage and handle a greater variety of patients than commun ity hospitals which tend to cater for a minimal number of patients. Also the teaching hospitals provide an excellent opportunity to champion specialty which is very important in career choice and development (2003). But as compared to community hospitals, the opportunity towards the aspect of specialty is quite minimal and very much limited. Equally, with the opportunity to be involved in many trials research projects and audits give the teaching hospitals a unique system of operations as compared to community hospitals that are not that exposed in terms of career enhancement and development.There is higher degree of exposure of teaching hospitals to tertiary practice, whereby students get a chance to further their profession and career at large. Availability of well equipped and big medical libraries makes this type of a hospital to be different to the community one. Other medical school related facilities crowns the differential part of teaching hospitals thus a great deal of expe rience for medical practitioners.Community hospitalsWith community hospitals, there is minimal team work thus enhancing and facilitating the aspect of loneliness and lack of critical support hence, making the job career even harder. However, with the conducive and smaller aspects of community hospitals stand out as the key advantage to trainees (Primrose, 1998). In fact, trainees get more hands-on experience in community hospitals.Policy concernsIn fact, policy concerns make a differ...

Glycosidic Bond Definition and Examples

A glycosidic bond is a covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate to another functional group or molecule. A substance containing a glycosidic bond is termed a glycoside. Glycosides may be categorized according to elements involved in the chemical bond. Glycosidic Bond Example An N-glycosidic bond connects the adenine and ribose in the molecule adenosine. The bond is drawn as a vertical line between the carbohydrate and the adenine. O-, N-, S-, and C-glycosidic Bonds Glycosidic bonds are labeled according to the identity of the atom on the second carbohydrate or the functional group. The bond formed between the hemiacetal or hemiketal on the first carbohydrate and the hydroxyl group on the second molecule is an O-glycosidic bond. There are also N-, S-, and C-glycosidic bonds. Covalent bonds between the hemiacetal or hemiketal to  -SR form thioglycosides. If the bond is to SeR, then selenoglycosides form. Bonds to -NR1R2 are N-glycosides. Bonds to -CR1R2R3 are termed C-glycosides. The term aglycone refers to any compound ROH from which a carbohydrate residue has been removed, while the carbohydrate residue may be referred to as the glycone. These terms are most commonly applied to naturally occurring glycosides. ÃŽ ±-  and  ÃŽ ²-glycosidic Bonds The orientation of the bond may be noted, too.  ÃŽ ±-  and  ÃŽ ²-glycosidic bonds are based on the  stereocenter furthest from saccharide C1.  An ÃŽ ±-glycosidic bond occurs when both carbons share the same stereochemistry. Î’-glycosidic bond forms when the two carbons have different stereochemistry.

Dam and Damn - Commonly Confused Words

The words dam and damn are homophones: they sound the same but have different meanings.The noun dam refers to a barrier that holds back water. As a verb, dam means to hold back or confine. As a verb, damn means to criticize or to condemn as bad or inferior. As an interjection, damn is used to express anger, frustration, or disappointment. As an adjective, damn serves as a shorted form of damned. Examples Are you that little Dutch  boy with the finger in the dam trying to prevent the wall from coming down and the water from flooding your valley?  (Jeanette C. Morgan, The Voice That Must Be Heard. Tate, 2010)The Boers were unsuccessful in their efforts to dam up the Klip River in order to flood the town.Damn them, he cursed inwardly, years of bitter resentment welling up inside him. Damn them for laughing, damn the driver for swearing at him! Damn the whole town.(James Herbert, The Fog. Pan Macmillan, 1999) Practice The man could be concealing the fact that his stones were enchanted by black magic, helping to _____ the person who used them.  (Piers Anthony, On a Pale Horse. Del Rey Books, 1983)Waves were crashing against the _____ in front of us, and we were drenched by the wild spray.There was a treaty that said the Indians could always fish the falls. But the government wanted to build a _____ to generate electricity for the cities and store water for the farmers.  (Craig Lesley, Winterkill. Houghton Mifflin, 1984) Answers to Practice Exercises The man could be concealing the fact that his stones were enchanted by black magic, helping to  damn  the person who used them. (Piers Anthony,  On a Pale Horse.  Del Rey Books, 1983)Waves were crashing against the  dam  in front of us, and we were drenched by the wild spray.There was a treaty that said the Indians could always fish the falls. But the government wanted to build a  dam  to generate electricity for the cities and store water for the farmers.   (Craig Lesley,  Winterkill. Houghton Mifflin, 1984)

Quotes From Hemingways The Sun Also Rises

The Sun Also Rises brought Ernest Hemingway fame and fortune. The novel became one of the most well-known books of the lost generation. The story was largely based on the lives of Hemingway and his friends in Paris following World War I. Here are a few quotes from this famous book by Ernest Hemingway. Quotes From the Epigraph Through Chapter Five of The Sun Also Rises You are all a lost generation. I rather liked him and evidently she led him quite a life. Nobody ever lives their life all the way up except bull-fighters. Listen, Robert, going to another country doesnt make any difference. Ive tried all that. You cant get away from yourself by moving from one place to another. Theres nothing to that. This was Brett that I had felt like crying about. Then I thought of her walking up the street and stepping into the car, as I had last seen her, and of course in a little while I felt like hell again. It is awfully easy to be hard-boiled about everything in the daytime, but at night is another thing. Quotes From Chapter Six Through Chapter Ten of The Sun Also Rises Youre not a moron. Youre only a case of arrested development. Dont have scenes with your young ladies. Try not to. Because you cant have scenes without crying, and then you pity yourself so much you cant remember what the other persons said. We all ought to make sacrifices for literature. Look at me. Im going to England without a protest. All for literature. [S]he took great pride in telling me which of my guests were well brought up, which were of good family, who were sportsmen, a French word pronounced with the accent on the men. The only trouble was that people who did not fall into any of those three categories were very liable to be told there was no one home, chez Barnes. This wine is too good for toast-drinking, my dear. You dont want to mix emotions up with a wine like that. You lose the taste. I was a little ashamed, and regretted that I was such a rotten Catholic, but realized there was nothing I could do about it, at least for a while, and maybe never, but that anyway it was a grand religion, and I only wished I felt religious and maybe I would the next time. I have never seen a man in civil life as nervous as Robert Cohn--nor as eager. I was enjoying it. It was lousy to enjoy it, but I felt lousy. Cohn had a wonderful quality of bringing out the worst in anybody. I was blind, unforgivingly jealous of what had happened to him. The fact that I took it as a matter of course did not alter that any. I certainly did hate him. Quotes From Chapter Eleven Through Chapter Nineteen of The Sun Also Rises Youre an expatriate. Youve lost touch with the soil. You get precious. Fake European standards have ruined you. You drink yourself to death. You become obsessed by sex. You spend all your time talking, not working. You are an expatriate, see. You hang around cafà ©s. For one who had aficion he could forgive anything. At once he forgave me all my friends. Without his ever saying anything they were simply a little something shameful between us, like the spilling open of the horses in bull-fighting. It was like certain dinners I remember from the war. There was much wine, an ignored tension, and a feeling of things coming that you could not prevent happening. Under the wine I lost the disgusted feeling and was happy. It seemed they were all such nice people. I thought I had paid for everything. Not like the woman pays and pays and pays. No idea of retribution or punishment. Just exchange of values. You gave something up and got something else. Or you worked for something. You paid some way for everything that was any good. Enjoying living was learning to get your moneys worth and knowing when you had it. That was morality; things that made you disgusted afterward. No, that must be immorality. The things that happened could only have happened during a fiesta. Everything became quite unreal finally and it seemed as though nothing could have any consequences. It seemed out of place to think of consequences during the fiesta. I hate his damned suffering. Oh, darling, please stay by me. Please stay by me and see me through this. In  bull-fighting  they speak of the terrain of the bull and the terrain of the bull-fighter. As long as a bull-fighter stays in his own terrain he is comparatively safe. Each time he enters into the terrain of the bull he is in great danger. Belmonte, in his best days, worked always in the terrain of the bull. This way he gave the sensation of coming tragedy. Because he did not look up to ask if it pleased he did it all for himself inside, and it strengthened him, and yet he did it for her, too. But he did not do it for her at any loss to himself. That seemed to handle it. That was it. Send a girl off with one man. Introduce her to another to go off with him. Now go and bring her back. And sign the wire with love. That was it all right. [T]he  end  of the line. All trains finish there. They dont go on anywhere. You know it makes one feel rather good deciding not to be a bitch. Isnt it pretty to think so?

The Hitchhikers Guild Of The Galaxy - 2606 Words

The Hitchhikers Guild to The Galaxy follows Arthur Dent, an earthling, paired with his alien friend Ford Prefect. The two manages to escape the earth before it is demolished to build an intergalactic freeway and set upon their journey. Hitching a ride on a Vogon spaceship the two start their adventure. Unfortunately, the Vogons don t like hitchhikers, so Arthur and Ford get thrown out of the spaceship to die in the cold void of interstellar space, where not even Starbucks exists. Meanwhile, Ford s semi-cousin Zaphod Beeblebrox and his human companion Trillian steal the Heart of Gold spaceship, which has an amazing engine that can do all sorts of improbable things, such as get through LA without dealing with traffic. Also on the spaceship†¦show more content†¦Where both films suggest that the Hero’s act upon their own freewill; true freewill does not exist but is a synthesis constructed by the ego of their companion character. This creates justifications for any crime or action taken by the Hero characters as they act in â€Å"the name of justice† and believe they are acting freely. Both the Hitchhikers Guild to The Galaxy and The Matrix has Myth Criticism complexes in nature. They follow a hero that must fulfill a quest to discover himself and woo a female interest. In either case the universality of their stories are evident as they are conflicted by the same dilemmas. Carl Jung suggests that regardless of culture or historical period a part of the human mind contains a collective unconscious shared by all members of the human species, a sort of universal, primal memory. Myth Criticism considers this within its teachings by explaining that all stories follow a universal trend called the Hero Cycle. Within this cycle the hero of the story follows each of the steps to fulfilling his/her task. Along with the Hero Cycle, Myth Criticism explains there are archetypes found in each piece of literature or art that are universal in nature. Overall, it is found that the Myth Criticism base is used frequently as we as humans find solace in the comforts of the Cycle, as it is familiar to us. In The Hitchhikers Guild to The Galaxy, the Hero is portrayed as Arthur Dent. He is set into this role at the

Mentoring Relationships An Analysis Free Essays

Mentoring is defined as a form of teaching where one guides without leading and basically teaches by example. In essence, it’s about helping to learn how to achieve something. Mentoring can be applied to a variety of fields and specialties, including business, the academe, healthcare, and government. We will write a custom essay sample on Mentoring Relationships: An Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now For this case study, the focal point of interest as to learning experiences in mentoring will be Dr. Rachel Lindsay. It can be said that Dr. Lindsay has had many different types of mentoring relationships in the course of her professional career. Currently a professor of nursing, her original intent was to be a physician. However, her first mentor became responsible for altering this course of action. This mentor is none other than her own mother, who happened to be a nurse as well. The influence her mother had played a large role in her decision to become a nurse instead, after seeing the work her mother did and eventually becoming comfortable with it. The next major mentoring relationship she had afterwards was when she became a nurse consultant to a dentist who worked with chronically ill people. Her work with the dentist allowed her to gain an intimate perspective of the lives of the chronically ill and affected. Subconsciously, her experiences laid the foundation for her even deeper concern for the welfare of others, especially after being party to the various sufferings and vulnerabilities of the patients who came while she was under the tutelage of the dentist. However, while her experiences thus far with the mentoring process had been successful and beneficial towards her overall development as an individual, there were also times when the system let her down. When given the task of having to deliver a course for nurses who work in nursing homes, Dr. Lindsay immediately discovered a problem with the course in question. Hoping to rectify the situation, she approached her dean, whom she looked up to, in the hopes of him becoming her mentor and help her revise the course to make it a better one. Unfortunately, the dean did not honor this request and only disappointed her. This became her first experience at being let down by a possible mentor in her life. This was further proven when she discussed her career plans, only to find that he was against nurses with advanced degrees. Disillusioned, Dr. Lindsay turned to a nurse practitioner only to be disappointed again; her new mentor only seemed content with discussing procedural knowledge but not abstract changes. These happenings turned out to be for the better however because it signaled her return to the hospital setting, where she would later handle staff development classes and meet another mentor in her life, Bob the HR director. Under him, she learned many new things, not just about the profession itself, but with dealing with others and outside pressures as well. It would not be long before she became satisfied enough to move on to another job. Dr. Lindsay eventually ended up in the academe, where another mentor emerged in the form of her division chair. Just like her other mentors, this one did not seem threatened or impressed that much with her degrees or experience, thus their working relationship became very good indeed. This relationship would soon be tested because of a case of plagiarism of one of Dr. Lindsay’s students, and it can be said that neither Dr. Lindsay nor the subject chair in question saw eye to eye on how best to treat the student. In summary, after all her experiences with different mentors, Dr. Lindsay’s mentoring tool kit should include the knowledge she has gained through her many years in formal education, plus the knowledge she gained through her various experiences. This, combined with the many years she spent under various mentors will help her to become the most effective mentor possible. References Gibson, S. K. (2004). Being mentored: The experience of women faculty. Journal of Career Development, 30(3), 173-188. Stewart, B., Krueger, L. (1996). An evolutionary concept analysis of mentoring in nursing. Journal of Professional Nursing, 12, 311-321. Veenman, S., Denessen, E. (2001). The coaching of teachers: Results of five training studies. Educational Research and Eva How to cite Mentoring Relationships: An Analysis, Essay examples

Policy Statement free essay sample

The British Petroleum Company p. l. c. (BP) and Amoco Corporation (Amoco) had a long history of competitive encounters. This rivalry continued into the 1990s in a variety of locations ranging from the United States to the North Sea to, more recently, the Caspian Sea—a region that had opened up to exploration by Western oil companies following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In describing this rivalry, one analyst wrote: Azerbaijan was an early battleground for BP and Amoco as these two companies competed for the oil riches of this newly independent country. During the period from 1990 until 1994, BP and Amoco were the two major players in the Azerbaijan oil rush. This competition extended to their respective governments, each of which was trying to support its country’s commercial interests via BP and Amoco. 1 Despite their historic rivalry, BP and Amoco agreed to a $48 billion merger in August 1998. Following shareholder approvals in December, they began the process of integration, which involved placement decisions for hundreds of executives and creation of a new organizational structure. Within the Finance Group, BP’s John Buchanan and David Watson retained their positions as chief financial officer and treasurer, respectively. Bill Young, a 20-year Amoco veteran, became head of a unit known as Specialized Finance with responsibility for advising the company’s business units on project structuring, project finance, leasing, and other asset-backed transactions. Shortly after the merger, in March 1999, Da vid Watson asked Bill Young to prepare a recommendation on when and in what circumstances the firm should use external project finance instead of its own internal, corporate funds to finance new investments. One challenging aspect of this assignment was the perception that BP and Amoco had somewhat different philosophies regarding project finance. To some observers, particularly those outside the firm, Amoco was viewed as more willing to use project finance than BP. Young isagreed with this characterization, though he acknowledged that he had little information on BP’s financial policies prior to the merger. Only well-capitalized firms that are big enough to afford the time, money, and risk required to play in this poker game can hope to thrive. Because the stakes are so high, finding that â€Å"elephant† of an oilfield has become the industry’s obsession. 3 Besides the need for scale, analysts cited potential cost savings of $2 billion annually and complementary commercial strengths—BP in upstream operations and Amoco in downstream operations—as reasons for the merger. In addition, executives highlighted â€Å"sustainable long-term growth† and â€Å"strongly competitive returns† as corporate objectives. In terms of financial polices, they said the new firm would have a target debt-to-capitalization ratio of 30% and a target pay-out ratio of 50% of mid-cycle earnings. 5 As a result of the merger, BP Amoco became one of the world’s three â€Å"super-majors† along with Exxon and Shell (see Ex hibit 3). Integrating the Finance Group Shortly after consummating the merger, management began the process of integrating the two companies. Both companies had highly centralized finance functions, although BP did have regional finance offices in Asia and the United States. Both companies also tended to separate investment and financing decisions, and had organizational structures that reflected this approach. The business units valued proposed investments using the corporate weighted-average cost of capital (WACC), while the Finance Group determined the best way to finance proposed investments and executed approved transactions. Management decided to retain the centralized finance structure because it provided better cash management, risk management, and financial execution. One of the perceived disadvantages of this centralized structure was that decisions impacting financing opportunities were often made at a business unit level before the Finance Group had an opportunity to provide input, thereby creating on occasion the potential for missed opportunities and sub-optimal financing solutions. Given this structure, the Finance Group had two distinct groups of customers for its services, the business units and senior management/shareholders. To achieve the benefits of centralization without creating too much of an information gap between the business units and the Finance Group, management retained BP’s central office in London to service the business units in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Former Soviet Union. BP’s existing office in Singapore would provide financial services and support for business units in Asia/Pacific while the U. S. -based finance staffs were consolidated in Amoco’s Chicago headquarters with responsibility for supporting business units in the Americas. CFO John Buchanan and Treasurer David Watson ran the Finance Group, which consisted of three major divisions (Exhibit 4 shows the organization chart for the new Finance Group). Treasury Operations handled cash management, including short-term debt. Corporate Services managed all debt and equity at the parent level, as well as shareholder relations. Business Services had five major responsibilities: financial skills 3 This document is authorized for use only by Ashok Kumar Malhotra until August 2012. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 201-054 BP Amoco (A): Policy Statement on the Use of Project Finance (training), business insurance, financial engineering, banking projects, and specialized finance. Bill Young, head of Specialized Finance, led a team of nine finance professionals based in London. Similar teams existed in Singapore and Chicago. All maintained close contact with the business units in the geographic areas and helped shepherd transactions through the headquarters approval process, financial negotiation, and closing. The Assignment As part of the integration process, David Watson asked Bill Young to review existing policy and recommend when and in what circumstances the firm should use project finance to fund new capital investments. Young knew this request was not just a matter of intellectual curiosity because the company invested heavily in fixed assets. In fact, BP and Amoco together had spent more than $10 billion per year on capital expenditures in each of the last three years. Expenditures of this magnitude were common among the major oil companies because their key assets, oil and gas reserves, were continually depleting (see Exhibit 5). By one estimate, total capital spending on exploration and development for the entire industry could reach $1. 4 trillion in the decade leading up to 2005. 6 This assignment was also important because project finance was a well-established financial structure in the oil and gas industry, and many firms had used it successfully in the past. Knowing the importance of the assignment, Young sought assistance from Mike Wrenn from the America’s Finance Group in Chicago and Adam Wilson from Specialized Finance Group in London (see Exhibit 4). The team began by defining project finance: Project finance is the financing of a project which is arranged in such a way that lenders are totally reliant on the assets and cash flows of that project for interest and loan repayment, as opposed to â€Å"corporate finance,† where the lenders are not reliant upon any one project and can rely on the cash flows and financial strength of the entire corporate entity. While this definition was not perfect, because there was often some form of partial or temporary recourse to the project’s sponsors such as a completion guarantee, it captured the critical distinction between corporate finance and project finance. Exhibit 6A presents a typical corporate transaction while Exhibits 6B and 6C present possible project finance structures. Exhibit 6B shows an incorporated joint venture, which was more common in petrochemical and power projects. The unincorporated joint venture structure shown in Exhibit 6C was more common for BP Amoco’s upstream businesses (i. . exploration and production projects). Under the project finance structure, a special purpose entity with limited liability borrowed funds directly and pledged its assets and cash flows to support the loan. With few exceptions, the lenders had no recourse to the project’s beneficial owners, often called sponsors. The use of internal funds, on the other hand, implied the use of the corporation’s balance sheet to obtain the debt and equity needed to finance its share of a project. It also implied that all corporate assets and cash flows could be used to repay debt. The next step in the process was to limit the scope of the assignment by considering the types of investments that could utilize project finance. Although BP Amoco could use project finance in any of its divisions, it used project finance most frequently in the downstream businesses, particularly for petrochemical plants and power generating facilities. Project finance was more often appropriate for power plants because they were discrete, non-core assets; had, at least historically, cash inflows and outflows set by long-term contracts; and had lenders familiar with project finance. According to Adam Wilson: This document is authorized for use only by Ashok Kumar Malhotra until August 2012. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. BP Amoco (A): Policy Statement on the Use of Project Finance 201-054 The market expects developers to use project finance for power projects, and you can’t underestimate the importance of pr ecedent. The existence of investor clienteles familiar with power plants tends to improve their valuation. The project finance structure also facilitates a sell-down of our position if and when we choose to do so. With regard to the upstream businesses, the focus would be on production rather than exploration assets because banks were reluctant to lend on a project basis until reserves were proven and capable of production. After defining project finance and bounding the scope of their assignment, the team conducted a series of meetings with executives from both organizations to understand their positions on project finance. Historically, BP had used project finance only sparingly based on a belief that the disadvantages in terms of costs, time, and rigidity outweighed the advantages in terms of risk management. Young’s interviews led him to believe this position remained an accurate assessment of the views held by most BP executives. BP executives recalled only limited applications of project financing in recent memory. Examples included the financing of the North Sea Forties Field in the early 1970s. This deal, however, was more of a corporate financing because BP remained obligated to the lenders for all interest and principal, but could use the project financing structure as a tool for reshaping debt repayment obligations in line with project economic performance. Another example was the Kaltim Prima Coal Mine project in Indonesia. Here BP chose to use project finance as a way to manage Indonesian exposure. More recently, BP, as the operator of the Cusiana and Cupiagua oil fields in Colombia, had worked with partners to create a financial structure that facilitated project financing for the export pipeline. Ecopetrol, the state oil company, and some of the other sponsors, subsequently used this structure to raise project funds for the pipeline. BP, nevertheless, chose to fund its share of the pipeline using internal funds. According to Young, Amoco also preferred corporate finance even though it had used project finance on occasion. In the early 1980s, Amoco used project finance for the $1 billion Ok Tedi gold and copper mine in Papua New Guinea. It also used project finance for a variety of international joint ventures in the petrochemicals industry to accommodate partners who were unable to finance their shares through corporate borrowings. More recently, Amoco and others had financed the $1 billion Atlantic Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) plant in Trinidad and Tobago on a project basis because certain critical partners did not want to have such a large investment on their balance sheets. In contrast, Amoco, which was investing $600 million of internal funds to develop the offshore gas fields that would eventually supply the plant with natural gas, was prepared to finance its share of the LNG plant entirely with internal funds. The Atlantic LNG financing was widely syndicated in the bank loan market, and perhaps this fact accounted for the perception that Amoco was an advocate of project finance. The New Policy Statement on Project Finance Following these meetings, the team concluded that BP and Amoco shared a common preference for using internal funds to finance capital expenditures, and that the combined firm should prefer internal funds as well. To justify this recommendation, the team carefully assessed the costs and benefits of using project finance they had discussed with their colleagues. This document is authorized for use only by Ashok Kumar Malhotra until August 2012. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 201-054 BP Amoco (A): Policy Statement on the Use of Project Finance The Costs of Using Project Finance When asked to describe the merits of project finance, Bill Young jokingly replied, â€Å"The only people who prefer project finance are the ones who’ve never done a deal using project finance. Without much hesitation, he cited four disadvantages of project finance: it cost more, took longer to arrange, restricted managerial flexibility, and required greater disclosure. To begin with, non-recourse project debt cost more than otherwise equivalent corporate debt due in part to greater risk and in part to greater leverage. Lenders typically demanded up-front fees ranging from 50 to 200 basis points of the amount financed and interest rate spreads ranging from 100 to 400 basis points over LIBOR de pending on project type, location, and maturity. In contrast, BP Amoco would expect to pay slightly less than LIBOR for short-term borrowings under bank lines or through commercial paper programs, or 80 to 120 basis points over equivalent maturity treasuries for long-term, fixed-rate bonds (including fees). The ability to raise cheaper corporate funds was the direct result of having a strong balance sheet and lots of excess debt capacity. Prior to the merger, BP and Amoco had senior unsecured debt ratings of AA and AAA, respectively. Besides the direct financial costs, project finance involved substantial third-party costs. Financial advisors, selected to help structure the financing, charged advisory fees on the order of 50 to 100 basis points of the amount eventually raised. Sponsors also had to pay for engineering reports certifying the quality of project design, the feasibility of the project schedule, and, in the case of oil and gas projects, the existence of hydrocarbon reserves. In addition, they had to pay legal fees incurred in structuring operating contracts and crafting loan documentation. While some of these costs would also be incurred in a corporate deal, the incremental cost associated with project finance could add an additional 100 basis points or more in fees, according to Mike Wrenn. Structuring a project-financed deal, particularly a multi-party deal, took considerably longer than structuring a comparable corporate-financed deal. Decisions that could be made internally in a matter of days by only a handful of people, took significantly longer in a project-financed deal because more independent parties were involved in the process. Adam Wilson estimated that using project finance added a minimum of our to six months to a deal, and considerably more if one of the multilateral lending agencies was involved. Incremental time not only reduced a project’s NPV, it could also result in a missed opportunity. A third disadvantage of project finance was the loss of managerial flexibility. The loan documentation imposed an extensive set of operating and reporting r equirements on borrowers. These provisions restricted the sponsors’ ability to change design, admit new partners, dispose of assets, or respond to any number of contingencies that invariably arose over the course of a project’s life. As Young put it, â€Å"I think of corporate finance as a way to avoid the inflexibility associated with project finance. When you sign a project finance deal, you have to live with a giant stack of documents full of provisions that hinder your ability to respond to a changing environment. † A final factor weighing against the use of project finance was the occasional need to disclose proprietary information to lenders. For example, there could be tax or royalty reductions, or commitments to ancillary infrastructure investments intended to support the project that neither the owners nor the host governments wanted in the public domain. Yet lenders needed this information to make credit decisions. Depending on the size of the deal, there could be scores of lenders involved, many of whom would have banking relations with BP Amoco’s competitors. Despite the use of confidentiality agreements, the potential for leakage was troublesome. 6 This document is authorized for use only by Ashok Kumar Malhotra until August 2012. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. BP Amoco (A): Policy Statement on the Use of Project Finance 01-054 The Benefits of Using Project Finance The basic assumption behind the team’s analysis was that BP Amoco was a portfolio of exploration, development, refining, and marketing assets. With less than perfect correlation among its various assets, it was able to eliminate idiosyncratic risks through diversification. Because it was particularly skilled at assessing business risks, had a strong balance sheet, and had a vertically in tegrated business model, it was more efficient to hold the assets collectively than individually. However, there might be instances in which it made sense to finance investments individually on a project basis. In these instances, project finance created value by improving risk management. Whereas risk management could take several forms—risk sharing, direct risk reduction, hedging (reducing a risk by giving up the opportunity for a gain), and insurance (reducing a risk by paying a premium)—the benefits were typically associated with risk sharing and risk reduction. In terms of risk sharing, the project structure limited BP’s exposure to downside risk. In essence, BP exchanged downside exposure for a price in the form of higher interest rates and loan fees. According to Wilson, using project finance was tantamount to buying a â€Å"walk-away† or put option for the project. Exhibit 7 presents this framework: the combination of holding an underlying asset (a project) and buying a put option on that asset created a payoff function that resembled a call option on the underlying asset. When BP Amoco used corporate finance, the firm was exposed to the full range of outcomes (NPVs); when it used project finance, it sacrificed some of the upside in exchange for truncating the downside. Such downside protection could be extremely valuable in certain settings. Whether the benefits of risk sharing outweighed the incremental structuring costs was the real question. In deciding whether to make this exchange, BP had to consider both the price of the walk-away option and its willingness to exercise the option. For investments in its core businesses, BP was better equipped than most lenders to assess and bear the risks. As a result, it was not likely to get favorable, or even fair, pricing on the put option. Unlike a financial option with continuous prices, the downside scenarios in the investment business tended to be discrete events with highly uncertain, if not unknown, distributions. In these instances, history did not give you a good indication of the magnitude of potential losses or the probability of occurrence. Valuing such an option was not easy, and even informed parties could disagree on how much it was worth. The value of the walk-away option also depended on BP Amoco’s ability and willingness to exercise it. Prior to project completion, the ability to walk away from a loan could be constrained by support obligations and completion guarantees. Only after an independent third party certified completion, usually defined in terms of both financial and operational characteristics, did the loan become non-recourse to the sponsors. Although BP Amoco could walk away at this point, it might be reluctant to do so for several reasons. For example, it might not be wise to abandon a project that was an integral part of a larger development, thereby turning over a key asset to a bank group. Alternatively, a sponsor might be reluctant to abandon a proprietary asset. Would the Walt Disney Company really abandon a theme park and let project lenders control Mickey Mouse and other Magic Kingdom characters? Finally, default could tarnish the firm’s reputation and jeopardize important relationships with host governments, international agencies, and bankers. Such actions could preclude the firm’s ability to gain access to or finance future projects. To the extent BP was either unwilling or unable to walk away, the put option had no value. In addition to risk sharing, project finance had other benefits even though Young believed most of them were illusory or non-existent, at least for BP Amoco. Five such benefits came to mind. Some argued that project debt, particularly when accounting rules did not require project assets or liabilities to appear on the sponsor’s balance sheet, expanded a firm’s debt capacity. Of course, this 7 This document is authorized for use only by Ashok Kumar Malhotra until August 2012. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 201-054 BP Amoco (A): Policy Statement on the Use of Project Finance assertion was true only to the extent that investors and rating agency analysts did not â€Å"see through† the financial statements and recognize continuing obligations to pay. Another supposed benefit of project finance was that it generated additional interest tax shields because projects had a igher leverage ratios than sponsoring firms: the typical project had a debt-tovalue ratio of 70% compared to 30% for a firm like BP Amoco. The difference in leverage existed, in part, because firms, but not projects, needed the flexibility and excess debt capacity to invest whenever attractive opportunities arose. Yet BP Amoco viewed its investments and payment obligations on a consolidated basis even if they were pro ject financed. Thus, the decision to finance a given asset with 70% debt simply displaced corporate borrowing capacity. As a result, the total amount of debt did not depend on particular financial structures. Besides, equivalent debt tax shield benefits could be obtained by careful choice of project ownership vehicles and intra group financing structures. In those instances where the firm could take on more leverage using the project finance structure, the incremental interest expense (and potential distress costs) usually outweighed the incremental interest tax shields, which meant that using project finance could reduce firm value. That said, there were other debt-related factors such as tax arbitrage, risk transfer, or managerial incentives that could easily off-set the benefits of incremental interest tax shields. Third, there might be tax benefits associated with reduced rates or tax â€Å"holidays† that made particular transactions attractive—host governments were often more willing to make one-off concessions to project companies than to make full-scale policy changes. Yet these benefits usually had a greater influence on site selection than on the choice between corporate and project finance. Fourth, some argued that the project resulted in better risk allocation among the various parties to a deal. This argument rested on the assumption that you could not replicate or get pricing credit for the same allocation of responsibilities in a corporate-financed deal. Except for political risk—one of the key exceptions discussed below—this assumption appeared untrue. For example, BP could sign a fixed-price, turnkey construction contract, thereby transferring completion risk to an experienced contractor, regardless of how it financed the deal. Finally, some firms used project finance for high-risk projects such as first-time investments in new industries, markets, or technologies. Here, project finance created value by introducing an added level of discipline to the process and by providing access to partners with greater or different previous experience. With the exception of investments in new countries, this rationale was not a major consideration for BP Amoco. Instead, it relied on its accumulated experience and largely restricted its investments to core assets, thereby limiting the technological and markets risks associated with new projects. The Exceptions Based on the team’s assessment of these costs and benefits, they were recommending that BP Amoco use internal corporate funds to finance new projects except in three very particular circumstances: 1) mega projects; 2) projects in politically volatile areas; and 3) joint ventures with heterogeneous partners. While other companies might weigh the costs and benefits differently and, therefore, reach different conclusions, the costs clearly outweighed the benefits in most situations for BP Amoco. This document is authorized for use only by Ashok Kumar Malhotra until August 2012. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. BP Amoco (A): Policy Statement on the Use of Project Finance 201-054 Exception #1: Mega Projects Mega projects were those that were large enough to cause â€Å"material† harm to the company’s earnings, debt rating, and, in the extreme, survival. Quantifying material harm was not easy to do. Instead, it was a more qualitative concept. Wilson defined mega as the size â€Å"†¦where senior management begins to feel uncomfortable about the size a nd the level of risk. † Prior to the merger, Amoco viewed investments of $2 billion and up as potential candidates for project finance; executives from BP estimated the number at closer to $3 billion. The key issue here was one of relative size and the firm’s ability to hold a diversified portfolio, a concept that would surely change following the merger. In deciding whether a project qualified as mega, it was important to define it correctly. Many oil and gas developments proceeded in phases over several years. Whereas the first phase might not exceed a given threshold, the total investment across all phases could. In the event BP Amoco elected to use project finance, it would require a much smaller and more diversifiable investment (compare the $400 million investment in Exhibits 6A to the $160 million investment in Exhibits 6B and 6C). Exception #2: Projects in Politically Volatile Areas Projects exposed to a high degree of political risk, broadly defined as war, strikes, sabotage, lack of property rights, direct or â€Å"creeping† expropriation, or currency inconvertibility, were candidates for project finance because they benefited from the presence of outside lenders. The logic was that host governments would be less likely to take or tolerate hostile action against the project because such action could jeopardize access to future credit from the international financial community. In the most risky countries, commercial lenders would not even consider lending unless one of the multilateral lending agencies (MLA’s) or an Export Credit Agency (ECA) was involved in the deal. Given their roles as development lenders and as lenders of last resort to highly-indebted countries, MLAs such as World Bank Group, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) helped deter sovereign interference. Thus, they reduced the level of risk by reducing the probability of default. For this reason, MLA participation was said to confer a â€Å"halo effect† on projects. Even in high-risk countries, however, relative size remained a critical factor in deciding whether to use project finance. According to Adam Wilson: The threshold for what constitutes mega in the United States or Cana da is much higher than the threshold in an emerging country. For big projects in developed countries, we would prefer to use internal funds or to share the project with a wellcapitalized partner before using use project finance. At the same time, we would prefer to finance small and medium-sized projects in even the riskiest places using our own corporate funds. The problem with using project finance was that outside lenders often required some form of political risk insurance (PRI), and the market for PRI in high-risk markets was very thin. As a result, it was expensive to buy, which created another factor arguing against the use of project finance. Exception #3: Joint Ventures with Heterogeneous Partners In certain joint ventures, BP Amoco might find it necessary to use project finance, even if unjustified on other criteria, as a way to manage the financial needs of partners with weaker credit capabilities. For example, host governments or their agencies sometimes wanted to participate in 9 This document is authorized for use only by Ashok Kumar Malhotra until August 2012. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 201-054 BP Amoco (A): Policy Statement on the Use of Project Finance projects, yet did not want to use or did not have large amounts of funds available. At other times, partners with weaker balance sheets could not raise the required amounts on their own. In these instances, the project structure became the price of admission for BP Amoco to participate in the project. In other cases, BP Amoco might participate in a project financing so that it could negotiate with lenders rather than letting weaker partners negotiate for the group as a whole. Because BP Amoco’s ability to make decisions could be compromised by partner debt covenants, it wanted as much say in the negotiations as possible. Project Evaluation If a particular project met one or more of these criteria, then it would be a candidate for project finance. Because the internal finance organizations and project approval processes were similar at both firms prior to the merger, they decided to retain a similar system in the new organization. The new process was designed to quantify the incremental costs and benefits of using project finance. After a business unit determined a project had a positive NPV using the pre-determined corporate WACC assuming a debt-to-capitalization ratio of 30% (the â€Å"investment† NPV), it would forward the project to the Specialized Finance team, which would then assess various financing structures using an incremental cost analysis. They estimated the incremental, after-tax cash flows associated with fees, interest, and principal payments, and discounted these cash flows at the firm’s marginal cost of debt for a comparable maturity. This â€Å"financing† NPV was typically negative. But when combined with the â€Å"investment† NPV a nd other possible benefits described above, the result could be positive. In these instances, the Finance Group could recommend using project finance and seek approval for the chosen structure. Conclusion: Preparing for the Presentation As he put the finishing touches on his presentation, Young wondered why the public perception of differences between the BP and Amoco existed. In particular, he thought of a recent comment made by an analyst at the Center for Global Energy Studies in London shortly after the merger. At the time, both companies were participating in the Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC), an 11-firm joint venture created to develop oil fields in the Caspian Sea. The analyst wrote, â€Å"The BP-Amoco merger consolidates the ownership of AIOC a little bit†¦ The two will be speaking with one voice, whereas perhaps they haven’t always been in the past. 8 Bill Young saw things differently: â€Å"Contrary to the public view that we were on opposite ends of the project finance/corporate finance spectrum, we discovered that we really were reasonably wellaligned in our views and philosophies. † His team, and the colleagues with whom he had discussed his recommendations, seemed to concur with the idea that BP Amoco should use corporate funds to finance new investments except in very special circumstances. Elaborating, he said: It’s likely that project finance will continue to be used sparingly at BP Amoco.

Financial Strategies of Blackmore Company Sample for Students

Question: Give a Breif Introduction of Blackmore Company. Answer: Introduction of Blackmores Company Blackmores is one of the leading natural health companies that are based in Australia (Blackmores.com 2017). The Founder of Blackmores, Maurice Blackmore was passionate regarding natural health as well as used to inspire people for taking control and devote in their welfare. Blackmores offers products as well as services that bring natural approach to wellbeing on the knowledge in minerals, herbs, nutrients and vitamins. Financial Strategies of Blackmores Company From the annual report on Blackmores in Australia, it can be noted that Directors reports an increase in sales that amounts to $341.4 Million as it is reviewed by the auditor (Blackmores.com 2017). Blackmores in Australia had involved in use of various financial strategies for gaining continued sales growth in and across the segments that leads to operational leverage as well as progressing the delivery of given strategic priorities (Pratt 2013). Blackmores in Australia uses various strategies and some of these are as follows: Consumer Centricity- Blackmores majorly believes in supporting the Australia business as well as improving the connectivity to customers through expansion of digital presence (Henderson et al. 2015). Growth- Blackmores made strategy for increasing the level of investment in and across the region so that they bring sustainable continuing enlargement for the Group as a whole (Blackmores.com 2017). Product Leadership- Blackmores believes in leveraging the knowledge so that they drive product leadership as well as innovation in order to get recognized as Authoritative Voice in Natural Health (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). Operational Effectiveness- Blackmores believes in improving the operational effectiveness as well as leveraging the size into scale (Deegan 2013). Blackmores in Australia sales for the year 2016 was $237.6 Million with 73% increase in the EBIT (Blackmores.com 2017). For the country Australia, Blackmores works best for the enhancing the performance as it reflects strong relationships with the retail partners as well as focusing on consumer connectivity as a whole. Blackmores balance sheet shows a healthy financial situation with a cash exchange rate at 112%, working capital at $46 Million as well as operating cash flow at $60 Million after comparing to the previous time. Net debt shows positive cash flow at $23 million with a net awareness cover with 50 times in comparison to 21 times as it was recorded in the previous period. This company has high presentation in Asia counterbalance as it has the possible collision of the weaker Australian dollar for making the purchase of raw materials that supports $0.5 Million net benefit on foreign exchange (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). References Blackmores.com. 2017.Blackmores vitamins and supplements- Australia's most trusted. [online] Available at: https://www.blackmores.com [Accessed 28 Mar. 2017]. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015. Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014. Financial Accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Pratt, J., 2013. Financial accounting in an economic context. Wiley Global Education. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013. Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning.

Loneliness Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection

Help! Claritin Doesnt Work. What Should I Do

Help! Claritin Doesn't Work. What Should I Do SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you trying to get rid of your allergy symptoms but Claritin doesn’t work for you? Claritin is one of the most popular allergy medications on the market, but for some people it just doesn’t work. Why is this? It can be very frustrating when a drug doesn’t work the way you expect it to, so in this guide we go over the top five reasons your Claritin doesn’t work or you find Claritin not working anymore. We also go over which symptoms Claritin is supposed to treat (and which it doesn’t) as well as other methods to try to get allergy relief. What Is Claritin Supposed to Do? Claritin is a brand name for the drug loratadine which is an antihistamine used to treat allergies as well as hives or rashes. Antihistamines reduce the effects of histamines. Histamines are natural chemicals the body produces to help your body get rid of something that’s bothering your immune system, such as an allergen. In order to get rid of the allergen, histamines will heighten your body’s defense system causing you to sneeze, cough, tear up, have a runny nose, and itch to help get the allergen out of your system. Sometimes histamines can go overboard and leave you a miserable, sneezing, itching mess, so many people use antihistamines like Claritin to reduce the response their body has to allergens. Claritin is designed to reduce the following symptoms: Itching Coughing Sneezing Watery or itchy eyes Skin rash Hives Runny nose Claritin uses a formula that avoids the drowsiness many antihistamines produce so you can get allergy relief without feeling tired or foggy. 5 Possible Reasons Claritin Doesn’t Work for You Claritin can be a great drug for allergy sufferers, but for some people it doesn’t work or the Claritin stopped working. Why does this happen? Below are the five reasons Claritin doesn’t work for you or doesn’t work the way you expect it to. #1: You Didn’t Start Taking Claritin Soon Enough In order for Claritin to be most effective, you should aim to start taking it one to two weeks before allergens or other histamine triggers are in the air. Doing this helps your body begin to build up resistance so it’s prepared by the time the allergens arrive. If you only start taking Claritin once you have allergy symptoms, you may not get immediate relief, but the good news is it’ll begin working after several days or up to two weeks after you begin using it. #2: You Aren’t Consistent With Your Medication Claritin is meant to be taken once a day, every day during allergy season(s) in order to provide long-term relief from allergy symptoms. If you don’t take a Claritin pill every day, you could wind up suffering from allergy symptoms even on days you do take Claritin since the drug doesn’t start working immediately. Take one Claritin every day for it to be the most effective, but don’t take more than one pill a day, even if you missed a pill the day before. Taking multiple pills a day increases your risk of serious side effects. Remember to Claritin every day for it to be most effective. #3: You Expected Claritin to Be a Decongestant You might also be expecting Claritin to solve a problem it isn’t meant to solve. Although congestion can be a common symptom for allergy sufferers, it isn’t one of the symptoms that Claritin is supposed to stop. So if you’re suffering from congestion, you’ll need to use another drug other than Claritin, or you’ll need to try Claritin-D, a version of the drug that also helps with congestion. #4: Different Antihistamines May Work Better for You There are multiple kinds of antihistamines, and different antihistamine drugs have different combinations of them. It may be that the active antihistamine in Claritin, loratadine, isn’t the kind that’s most effective for you. This could cause Claritin to not work well when you take it. In the next section we go over other antihistamine drugs, some of which may work better for you than Claritin since they have different active ingredients. #5: You May Have Built Up a Tolerance If you’ve been using Claritin for multiple years and it worked in the past but the Claritin has stopped working, your body may have built up a tolerance to it. Building up a tolerance can happen for any drug you take. What happens is your body gets used to the drug after you take it over an extended period of time and stops having a response to the drug. This causes the drug to not work well or at all. If this happens, it may help to increase your dose or switch to a stronger antihistamine, but you shouldn’t do this without speaking with your doctor. Increasing your dose on your own can lead to serious side effects. Other Treatment Options If Your Claritin Doesn’t Work If Claritin doesn’t work for you, there are other options out there you can try to get allergy relief. Below are four categories of other treatment that may work better for you than Claritin. Other Non-Drowsy Antihistamines Claritin in one of three major non-drowsy antihistamine drugs. The other two Zyrtec and Allegra. Zyrtec’s active ingredient is cetirizine, while Allegra’s is fexofenadine. These are both different antihistamines than loratadine, the one Claritin contains, so if you find Claritin not working for you, switching to a different non-drowsy antihistamine drug may help you get relief. Non-drowsy antihistamines are very popular since they allow people to get relief from their allergy symptoms without feeling drowsy or tired during the day. Antihistamines That May Make You Drowsy If you’ve tried all three of the non-drowsy antihistamines and still are suffering from allergy symptoms, you may want to try other histamines that aren’t specifically anti-drowsy. The most common of these is Benadryl (active ingredient diphenhydramine), as well as Tavist (clemastine) and Dimetane (brompheniramine). Some people taking these drugs feel they work better than non-drowsy antihistamines, but taking them can cause you to feel tired for much of the day. For some people, this can affect their school or job performance as well as prevent them from doing regular activities, like driving, because the medication makes it difficult for them to stay alert and focused. It may help you to take this drug at night, before you go to bed, to reduce some of the drowsiness these drugs cause. Decongestants Allergies can cause the lining of your nasal passages to swell, which can make you feel like your nose is stuffed and make it more difficult to breathe. Decongestants shrink the swollen blood vessels and tissues in the nasal passages so you aren’t congested anymore. If you’re suffering from nasal/sinus congestion, you may want to try a decongestant either in place of or in addition to Claritin. Decongestants can come in pills, nose drops, nasal sprays, and liquids. Some common decongestant brands are Sudafed, Vicks Sinus, and Afrin. Decongestants don’t relieve other allergy symptoms like watery eyes, itching, and a runny nose, so if you’re suffering from any of those as well, you’ll likely need to use both antihistamines and decongestants to get relief. The three non-drowsy antihistamines mentioned above also come in versions that include a decongestant. You can tell if your antihistamine includes a decongestant if it has the letter â€Å"D† after its name (Claritin-D, Allegra-D, etc.). Natural Remedies You don't always need to pop a pill in order to get allergy relief; there are actually multiple natural remedies that help many people with allergies. One of the most effective and popular is a neti pot. A neti pot helps clear mucus and debris from your nasal cavity. To use a neti pot, first fill it with either a purchased saltwater solution or purified water. Stand over a sink and tilt your head sideways. Place the spout of the neti pot in your nostril that's currently pointed up. Carefully pour the water into your nostril so the water drains through your lower nostril. When it's done draining, repeat on your other side. Drinking two cups of green tea a day can also help relieve your allergy symptoms, especially if you start at least two weeks before allergy season. Green tea contains natural antihistamines to help fight allergy symptoms. Another effective natural remedy is an herb called butterbur. Some studies have shown butterbur to be as effective at fighting allergy symptoms as many over-the-counter allergy meds. If not properly processed though, butterbur can contain harmful chemicals known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), so you should always check any butterbur supplement you plan on taking with your doctor. Your butterbur supplement should also always be labeled "PA free." Summary: Claritin Not Working Claritin is a common antihistamine drug designed to reduce allergy symptoms without causing drowsiness. But what should you do if your Claritin stopped working effectively or Claritin doesn’t work for you? There can be several reasons for Claritin not working: You didn’t start taking Claritin soon enough You don’t take Claritin every day You’re expecting Claritin to be a decongestant The antihistamine Claritin contains (loratadine) doesn’t work for you as well as other antihistamines would You’ve built up a tolerance to Claritin, and now it doesn’t work as well If your Claritin stopped working, there are other drugs you can try to get relief from your allergy symptoms including other non-drowsy antihistamines, antihistamines in general, and decongestants.